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All Rights Reserved.",{"enabled":28,"complete":28,"capacity":233,"label":44,"stale":35,"items":234},4,[235,241,245,249],{"contentId":236,"contentType":237,"label":238,"href":239,"source":240},"3IO50DiUrQm8ML20joajCL","article","Defense Innovation at Darden","\u002Farticles\u002Fthe-business-of-national-defense-is-changing-so-is-the-classroom","algolia",{"contentId":242,"contentType":237,"label":243,"href":244,"source":240},"4mDfyVZuEtdDW9g96wu1rU","On Academic Freedom","\u002Farticles\u002Fon-academic-freedom",{"contentId":246,"contentType":237,"label":247,"href":248,"source":240},"2GBmzAadCKzwTWJggqmArB","Christopher Fuller Named CMCO","\u002Farticles\u002Fchristopher-fuller-named-chief-marketing-and-communications-officer-at-uva-darden",{"contentId":250,"contentType":237,"label":251,"href":252,"source":240},"5QtyLWjq3hauPenG5pGTED","Alumni Career Advice","\u002Farticles\u002Fin-uva-dardens-classroom-building-six-alumni-put-career-advice-on-the-wall",{"path":254,"template":255,"content":256,"context":638},"\u002Farticles\u002Finnovators-journey","articlePage",{"id":257,"title":258,"slug":259,"path":254,"modifiedAt":260,"summary":261,"publishedDate":266,"topics":269,"authors":274,"insightsFrom":280,"topper":298,"bodyBlocks":319,"outro":587,"seo":631},"6RaCxBVy81N9mYgUNMVbK4","Design Thinking vs. Cognitive Biases: 10 Biases for Innovation to Overcome","innovators-journey","2026-09-15T18:21:47.946Z",{"plainText":262,"inlines":263},"Professor Jeanne Liedtka calls out 10 specific biases that cause especially serious problems for innovators. 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Liedtka","United Technologies Corporation Professor Emerita of Business Administration","\u002Fexpert\u002Fdirectory\u002Fjeanne-liedtka","faculty",{"src":288,"alt":289,"aspectRatio":180,"width":181,"height":181,"bynderDat":290},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.darden.virginia.edu\u002Ftransform\u002Fsquare-medium\u002F62f6f342-3824-41a7-b0da-1e0044b774b4\u002FJeanne-Liedkta-Preferred","Jeanne Liedkta Preferred",{"baseUrl":18,"assetId":291,"name":292,"preset":185},"62f6f342-3824-41a7-b0da-1e0044b774b4","Jeanne-Liedkta-Preferred","Jeanne M. Liedtka is a design thinking expert and professor emerita specializing in innovation, business growth, and design-led solutions for organizations.",{"id":295,"name":296,"href":297,"profileType":279},"6BuwfknP4FMBeqmu3soNy1","Jessica Eldridge","\u002Fpeople\u002Fjessica-eldridge",{"id":299,"variant":300,"title":258,"subheadline":33,"topic":301,"image":302,"mastheadTheme":318},"6RaCxBVy81N9mYgUNMVbK4-topper","full",{"id":271,"label":79,"href":80},{"src":303,"alt":304,"aspectRatio":305,"width":306,"height":307,"bynderDat":308,"mobile":312},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.darden.virginia.edu\u002Ftransform\u002Fwidescreen-large\u002Fb9d36d4b-bbf2-45cf-9868-5bcedbc757ed\u002FDesign-Thinking-vs-Cognitive-Biases-10-Biases-for-Innovation-to-Overcome","Human head profile and jigsaw puzzle, cognitive psychology or psychotherapy concept, mental health, brain problem, personality disorder, vector line design, Created using generative AI tools.","16 \u002F 9",2560,1440,{"baseUrl":18,"assetId":309,"name":310,"preset":311},"b9d36d4b-bbf2-45cf-9868-5bcedbc757ed","Design-Thinking-vs-Cognitive-Biases-10-Biases-for-Innovation-to-Overcome","widescreen-large",{"src":313,"alt":304,"aspectRatio":314,"width":315,"height":316,"bynderDat":317},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.darden.virginia.edu\u002Ftransform\u002Fb9d36d4b-bbf2-45cf-9868-5bcedbc757ed\u002FDesign-Thinking-vs-Cognitive-Biases-10-Biases-for-Innovation-to-Overcome","50 \u002F 73",1000,1460,{"baseUrl":18,"assetId":309,"name":310},"light",[320],{"id":321,"contentType":322,"region":323,"render":324},"6RaCxBVy81N9mYgUNMVbK4-body-0","richText","body",{"component":325,"props":326},"RichTextBlock",{"content":327},{"blocks":328},[329,342,347,355,361,392,399,422,428,433,449,454,486,492,497,527,532,564,569,574],{"type":330,"content":331},"paragraph",[332,335,339],{"type":265,"value":333,"marks":334},"Cognitive biases make most of us poor",[],{"type":265,"value":336,"marks":337}," ",[338],"italic",{"type":265,"value":340,"marks":341},"experimenters — plus we live in organizational cultures (and often have individual mindsets) that punish what we see as “failure” — so innovators find it hard to see the failure of an idea as evidence of learning rather than having made a mistake. There are multiple layers to how Design Thinking addresses these issues. Let’s start by stepping back to look at the well-researched topic of human error and how it interferes with making good choices. ",[],{"type":330,"content":343},[344],{"type":265,"value":345,"marks":346},"We want to call out 10 specific biases that cause especially serious problems for innovators. Design Thinking’s ability to fight these common biases accounts for its ability to help us test our ideas successfully.",[],{"type":348,"id":349,"level":350,"content":351},"heading","category-1-biases",2,[352],{"type":265,"value":353,"marks":354},"Category 1 Biases",[],{"type":330,"content":356},[357],{"type":265,"value":358,"marks":359},"The source of error lies within us and how we see the world. ",[360],"bold",{"type":362,"items":363},"orderedList",[364,371,378,385],{"blocks":365},[366],{"type":330,"content":367},[368],{"type":265,"value":369,"marks":370},"Projection Bias: This is a tendency to project the present into the future, resulting in predictions that tend to overestimate the extent to which the future will resemble the present. This projection of an innovator’s past interferes with imagining a new future and impedes both seeing novel ideas and accurately assessing their likelihood of success.",[],{"blocks":372},[373],{"type":330,"content":374},[375],{"type":265,"value":376,"marks":377},"Hot\u002FCold Gap: An innovator’s emotional state, whether hot (highly emotional) or cold (unemotional), has been demonstrated to influence assessment of the potential value of an idea, leading them to either under- or overvalue them in the present, impeding the accuracy of their prediction of how others (even themselves) will react in the future, when their emotional state is different.",[],{"blocks":379},[380],{"type":330,"content":381},[382],{"type":265,"value":383,"marks":384},"Egocentric Empathy Gap: This bias causes innovators to consistently overestimate the similarity between what they value and what others value, and to project their own thoughts and preferences onto others. This leads to the creation of new ideas that they value but those they are designing for do not.",[],{"blocks":386},[387],{"type":330,"content":388},[389],{"type":265,"value":390,"marks":391},"Selective Perception\u002FFunctional Fixedness: Here, innovators overestimate the effect of one factor at the expense of others, overreacting to specific stimuli and ignoring others, resulting in a more narrow set of ideas.",[],{"type":348,"id":393,"level":394,"content":395},"how-design-thinking-helps",3,[396],{"type":265,"value":397,"marks":398},"How Design Thinking Helps: ",[],{"type":400,"items":401},"unorderedList",[402,412],{"blocks":403},[404],{"type":330,"content":405},[406,409],{"type":265,"value":407,"marks":408},"We collect deeper data",[338],{"type":265,"value":410,"marks":411},": By immersing ourselves as vividly as possible in someone else’s experience, we reduce reliance on our own experiences as the primary source of information. ",[],{"blocks":413},[414],{"type":330,"content":415},[416,419],{"type":265,"value":417,"marks":418},"We see different perspectives",[338],{"type":265,"value":420,"marks":421},": By using diverse teams, we expose ourselves to the way others think, helping us surface our own hidden biases. ",[],{"type":348,"id":423,"level":350,"content":424},"category-2-biases",[425],{"type":265,"value":426,"marks":427},"Category 2 Biases",[],{"type":330,"content":429},[430],{"type":265,"value":431,"marks":432},"The source of error lies with those we are designing for. ",[360],{"type":362,"items":434},[435,442],{"blocks":436},[437],{"type":330,"content":438},[439],{"type":265,"value":440,"marks":441},"Say\u002FDo Gap: Innovators often try to minimize the impact of their own biases by asking users what they want. Unfortunately, users are often unable to accurately describe their own current behavior, much less provide reliable data on their deeper needs and wants, resulting in the “say\u002Fdo” gap between what they say now and what they will do later. Research demonstrates that consumers are not reliable predictors of their own purchase behavior for any type of goods studied.",[],{"blocks":443},[444],{"type":330,"content":445},[446],{"type":265,"value":447,"marks":448},"Response Bias: The “say\u002Fdo” gap is made worse, in some situations, by users’ tendency to tell us either what they think we want to hear (no one wants to hurt our feelings!) or things that make them look good and are socially acceptable (of course we floss twice a day!). This is particularly damaging to managing innovation efficiency because it often results in false positives — users tell us they will buy (but they won’t). This causes us to invest in ideas that will ultimately fail.",[],{"type":348,"id":450,"level":394,"content":451},"how-design-thinking-helps-2",[452],{"type":265,"value":397,"marks":453},[],{"type":400,"items":455},[456,466,476],{"blocks":457},[458],{"type":330,"content":459},[460,463],{"type":265,"value":461,"marks":462},"We ask open-ended questions",[338],{"type":265,"value":464,"marks":465},": Ethnographic conversations uncover hidden needs unlocked through probing and focusing on experiences and journeys. ",[],{"blocks":467},[468],{"type":330,"content":469},[470,473],{"type":265,"value":471,"marks":472},"We focus on behaviors, not intentions",[338],{"type":265,"value":474,"marks":475},": Design Thinking teaches us to value observation and to focus our questions based on actions, not attitudes and opinions (which releases users from potentially feeling judged). ",[],{"blocks":477},[478],{"type":330,"content":479},[480,483],{"type":265,"value":481,"marks":482},"We leverage immersive tools",[338],{"type":265,"value":484,"marks":485},": Storyboards and journey maps make new ideas tangible and allow potential users to see real strengths and pitfalls in solutions. ",[],{"type":348,"id":487,"level":350,"content":488},"category-3-biases",[489],{"type":265,"value":490,"marks":491},"Category 3 Biases",[],{"type":330,"content":493},[494],{"type":265,"value":495,"marks":496},"The sources of error relate to how we handle the information we collect. ",[360],{"type":362,"items":498},[499,506,513,520],{"blocks":500},[501],{"type":330,"content":502},[503],{"type":265,"value":504,"marks":505},"The Availability Bias: This causes innovators to undervalue ideas that are harder for them to imagine. Since the familiarity of an idea is likely to be inversely related to its novelty, this leads to a preference for more incremental solutions.",[],{"blocks":507},[508],{"type":330,"content":509},[510],{"type":265,"value":511,"marks":512},"Planning Fallacy: When innovators do create new ideas, they often see an overly rosy future, characterized by overly optimistic predictions about how well it will be received, resulting in the “planning fallacy.” They only rarely include considerations of failures.",[],{"blocks":514},[515],{"type":330,"content":516},[517],{"type":265,"value":518,"marks":519},"The Endowment Effect: Innovators’ attachment to early ideas makes giving up their current solution more painful than the pleasure of getting a new and improved one.",[],{"blocks":521},[522],{"type":330,"content":523},[524],{"type":265,"value":525,"marks":526},"Hypothesis Confirmation Bias: In what is perhaps the most commonly discussed bias, innovators search for facts that support their favored solutions and find it hard to even recognize data that disconfirms them. Interestingly, even when a decision-maker’s bias is revealed to them, they often fail to correct it.",[],{"type":348,"id":528,"level":394,"content":529},"how-design-thinking-helps-3",[530],{"type":265,"value":397,"marks":531},[],{"type":400,"items":533},[534,544,554],{"blocks":535},[536],{"type":330,"content":537},[538,541],{"type":265,"value":539,"marks":540},"We treat everything as a hypothesis to be tested",[338],{"type":265,"value":542,"marks":543},": We actively seek disconfirming data and try to surface our assumptions during prototyping. ",[],{"blocks":545},[546],{"type":330,"content":547},[548,551],{"type":265,"value":549,"marks":550},"We explore many options",[338],{"type":265,"value":552,"marks":553},": By testing multiple solutions simultaneously, Design Thinking helps us invest less in any given option, making it easier to let go of our “babies.” ",[],{"blocks":555},[556],{"type":330,"content":557},[558,561],{"type":265,"value":559,"marks":560},"We co-create",[338],{"type":265,"value":562,"marks":563},": We delay accepting early compromises and use collaboration across diverse perspectives to build higher-order solutions. ",[],{"type":330,"content":565},[566],{"type":265,"value":567,"marks":568},"But individuals are not the only ones to suffer biases that aggravate error. Organizations are also replete with them — particularly around challenges to be customer-centric rather than organization-centric and the way they view the failure of ideas during experimentation as incompetence (rather than learning). ",[],{"type":330,"content":570},[571],{"type":265,"value":572,"marks":573},"Research has now demonstrated quite conclusively how design done well shapes organizational cultures in significant ways that make them both more learning-oriented and more user-centric.",[],{"type":330,"content":575},[576,579,584],{"type":265,"value":577,"marks":578},"Excerpted from ",[338],{"type":580,"value":581,"href":582,"external":28,"marks":583},"link","Experiencing Design: The Innovator’s Journey","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FExperiencing-Design-Innovators-Jeanne-Liedtka\u002Fdp\u002F0231194269\u002F",[338],{"type":265,"value":585,"marks":586}," by Jeanne Liedtka, Karen Hold and Jessica Eldridge, Copyright © 2021 Columbia University Press. Used by arrangement with the publisher. All rights reserved. ",[338],{"tags":588,"pressContact":594,"bios":624},{"topics":589,"storyType":592},[590,591],{"id":271,"label":79,"href":80},{"id":273,"label":117,"href":118},{"label":593,"href":126},"Article",{"id":595,"heading":596,"body":597,"image":607,"action":615,"contactLabel":617,"contactId":618,"contactName":619,"contactTitle":620,"contactEmail":621},"1JXqEbL3azVV5umnM8ChNj","About UVA Darden School of Business",{"blocks":598},[599,603],{"type":330,"content":600},[601],{"type":265,"value":602},"The University of Virginia Darden School of Business prepares responsible global leaders through unparalleled transformational learning experiences.",{"type":330,"content":604},[605],{"type":265,"value":606},"Darden's graduate degree programs and Executive Education & Lifelong Learning programs offered by the Darden School Foundation set the stage for a lifetime of career advancement and impact.",{"src":608,"alt":609,"aspectRatio":610,"width":611,"height":612,"bynderDat":613},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.darden.virginia.edu\u002Ftransform\u002Fc88de114-fc91-4aa8-b801-2e987f7a4a22\u002FDarden_Spring_Environmental_Spring_25_Saunders_Hall_20","Darden_Spring_Environmental_Spring_25_Saunders_Hall_20","8354 \u002F 5569",8354,5569,{"baseUrl":18,"assetId":614,"name":609},"c88de114-fc91-4aa8-b801-2e987f7a4a22",{"label":616,"href":26,"external":35,"openInNewWindow":35},"Learn More","Press Contact","2KGmVfjHQigGuWjTI4aCKw","Lauren Foster","Senor Director of Communications",{"label":622,"href":623},"fosterl@darden.virginia.edu","mailto:fosterl@darden.virginia.edu",[625],{"id":282,"name":283,"title":284,"body":293,"image":626,"action":628},{"src":288,"alt":289,"aspectRatio":180,"width":181,"height":181,"bynderDat":627},{"baseUrl":18,"assetId":291,"name":292,"preset":185},{"label":629,"href":285,"accessibleLabel":630},"Read more","Read more about Jeanne M. Liedtka",{"title":258,"description":262,"image":632},{"src":633,"alt":304,"aspectRatio":634,"width":635,"height":636,"bynderDat":637},"https:\u002F\u002Fimages.darden.virginia.edu\u002Ftransform\u002Fwidescreen-large\u002Fb9d36d4b-bbf2-45cf-9868-5bcedbc757ed\u002FDesign-Thinking-vs-Cognitive-Biases-10-Biases-for-Innovation-to-Overcome?io=transform%3Afill%2Cwidth%3A1200%2Cheight%3A630&quality=75","1200 \u002F 630",1200,630,{"baseUrl":18,"assetId":309,"name":310,"preset":311},{"canonicalPath":254,"identity":639},{"id":257,"contentType":237,"title":258,"path":254,"publishedAt":268,"modifiedAt":260,"topics":640,"authors":643,"eligibility":645},[641,642],{"id":271,"label":79},{"id":273,"label":117},[644],{"id":276,"label":277},{"searchEngines":28,"followLinks":28,"internalSearch":28}]